Interpreting the Evolution – Blog 10
Steel has undergone many
milestones and reached a stage where tall and strong structures are being
constructed. This reduces the usage of materials like stone, brick and word.
This has created a change in the concept of wall and support in the field of construction.
This impact is due to the various
forms of steel mass produced in the industry using a blast furnace converting
iron ore to steel under heat and steel. This molten steel is converted into
various following forms by adding other metals to produce alloy having
properties for the intended purpose.
BEAM –They have web and flange as
their element where web resist shear and flange resist bending moment. I-section
is very efficient in carrying both in its web portion.
HSS- Hollow Structural Steel Is a
rectangle hollow tube used in structural tubing. They are welded and experience
load in multiple direction.
CHANEL - [& ANGLE – L cross
section are a type of sections used as structural elements along with beams.
PLATE- These are thin sheets
which are used for wall roof and other coverings.
While we look onto the timeline
of steel application in architecture and construction it is seen that it has
been used from a very long time from mills in England to the world’s tallest
structure.
THE TIMELINE:
1793 - Mill at Derby: The wooden
structural elements were replaced by iron I order to increase the life time of
the mill as it is more fire resistant when compared to wood.
1797 – Ditherington Flax mill: It
is the first building that was fully constructed with iron framing.
1824 – Orrell’s Mill : Designed
by William Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson ( specialised in tubular design )
used hollow structural steel in construction in cast iron columns which reduces
the cost by 30%.
1840- E.v. Haughwout Building: Is
is famous as its masonry façade was replaced by cast iron. Designed by Daniel
badger known for iron façades.
1879- First Leiter Building: Use
of load bearing beams and columns designed by William LeBaron Jenney allowed
more space for large windows to be placed in between them.
1891 – Wainwright Building: 1st
building to use all steel building frames which makes it easy to construct and
less materials.
1909 – Metropolitan Life Tower: 1st
building built using steel to withstand
load, which might be due to the high tensile strength of the structural steel.
1958 - Seagram Building : It was
designed by Mes Vander Rohe. He wanted to expose the structural elements but as
it’s against the building code non-structural I-BEAM were used.
1969 – John Hancock Centre:
Designed by Bruce Graham using a trussed tube bracing which reduced the
material by 30%
1972 – World Trade Centre: Khans
framed tube systems used. Each tower has hollow tube made of steel columns
welded together to steel beams at each floor creating a stiff lattice. Shell
carried wind load, while core carried the remaining load.
1974 – Sears Tower: It also uses bundled tube system like the WTC
deigned by Khan and Graham which stood as the tallest building for 20 yrs.
2009-2012 – CCTV headquarters: This
building used dia grid framing systems which transfers load proving a open
floor plan. This system combines columns, diagonals, bracing into one system.
During this evolution it is
clearly seen that in the initial stages iron and steel were used only as
alternate elements due to its fire resistance when compared to wood then
further it was used as it takes less time and materials for the overall
construction . Further it was used for aesthetics and concentrated as
structural elements which later developed into various different systems of
steel structural elements due to the advancement of engineering and technology.
Thank you for reading!
-Theerthana✌
REFERENCE:
[1] http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1326834723-infographic-steel-530-1.gif
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